Complicaciones de los gases tóxicos en el desarrollo de la higiene industrial desde la perspectiva técnica de la salud y seguridad ocupacional

Steveen Eduardo Carpio Candelario; José Luis Saá Loor; Jonathan Josue Ramirez Davalos; Wilmer Romeo Albán Holguín

doi:10.5281/zenodo.22332125

Autores/as

Steveen Eduardo Carpio Candelario Universidad Casa Grande Autor/a
José Luis Saá Loor Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil Autor/a
Jonathan Josue Ramirez Davalos Instituto Superior Tecnológico Juan Bautista Aguirre Autor/a
Wilmer Romeo Albán Holguín Sominur CLTDA. Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22332125

Palabras clave:

atmósferas peligrosas, control de riesgos, toxicología ocupacional, vigilancia ambiental, exposición química

Resumen

La exposición ocupacional a gases tóxicos representa un problema prioritario de higiene industrial por su capacidad de producir lesiones agudas, secuelas crónicas, incapacidad y muerte, especialmente cuando existen procesos de combustión, tratamiento de aguas, minería, refrigeración, desinfección, soldadura o trabajo en espacios confinados. El objetivo fue analizar las complicaciones asociadas con monóxido de carbono, sulfuro de hidrógeno, cloro, amoníaco, dióxido de azufre y dióxido de nitrógeno, integrando criterios técnicos de evaluación y control. Se desarrolló una revisión narrativa integrativa con actualización bibliográfica en PubMed/MEDLINE y fuentes oficiales de OIT, OMS, NIOSH, OSHA e ISO, priorizando evidencia de 2021-2026 y documentos normativos vigentes. Los resultados mostraron perfiles toxicológicos diferenciados, valores IDLH entre 10 y 1200 ppm, afectación respiratoria común a los seis gases y necesidad de combinar medición ambiental, límites ocupacionales, vigilancia de salud y controles en la fuente. Se concluyó que la prevención efectiva depende de anticipación, reconocimiento, evaluación cuantitativa y control, con prioridad para eliminación, sustitución e ingeniería antes del uso de protección personal.

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